Automotive-Online tag:www.automotive-online.com,2007-10-03:/articles//1 2008-09-30T13:10:26Z Movable Type Publishing Platform 4.01 Automobile Lubrication System Fundamentals tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.40 2008-09-29T08:31:15Z 2008-09-30T13:10:26Z An automobile's lubrication system refers to the set of interacting automotive parts which are designed to supply clean oil (the lubricant) at the correct temperature and pressure to different parts of the engine. Thus preventing any damage to the engine... Automotive Online
An automobile's lubrication system refers to the set of interacting automotive parts which are designed to supply clean oil (the lubricant) at the correct temperature and pressure to different parts of the engine. Thus preventing any damage to the engine due to overheating by the continuous metal-to-metal contact between its parts.

automobile-lubrication-system.jpg Lubrication in general refers to the techniques used to reduce wear of one or both surfaces moving relative to each another, by bringing between them a substance (lubricant) which carries the load created with the rubbing of surfaces.

In case of an automobile engine, if it wasn't for the lubrication system the engine would self-destruct due to the friction between its moving parts. Inside an engine a lubricant serves two purposes. First it lubricates the bearing surfaces and second it keeps the bearings cool by absorbing the heat generated due to movement.

The system includes a sump, which contains the lubricant. When the engine is in motion a pump forces the oil out of the sump to the air filter and the bearings with pressure. Next, the lubricant moves through small holes called “feed-holes,” within the crankshaft to the bearings of the connecting rod.

As the crankshaft rotates, the oil further spreads to the cylinder walls and piston-pin bearings. At the same time small pipes from the main supply line of the system feed the camshaft bearings and timing chain and gears with the oil. The lubricant on being used up is fed back to the sump where it's cooled down and reused.

Lubrication System Components

Lots of automotive parts ensure an effective and efficient automobile lubrication system. Each of them has an important role to play in the system's functionig. The following are some common lubrication system parts.

Automotive Fluids and Greases
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Automobile fluids include engine oil, automotive transmission fluids, etc. The function of these fluids is to cool, lubricate, clean, inhibit corrosion and improve sealing of different engine parts. These fluids are pumped through the "veins" or pipes of the lubrication system. Greases on the other hand are lubricants too, but have higher initial viscosity compared to oil or automobile fluids. Greases are used on automobile parts where only infrequent lubrication is needed and where lubricating fluids wouldn't stay in position due to their less viscosity. In addition, greases are well-suited as sealants and prevent the accumulation of water and dust on a part.

Fuel System Additives

Also known as fuel additives or gasoline additives, fuel system additives are substances that have higher octane rating compared to gasoline and are used to prevent corrosion or to provide lubrication, which leads to greater efficiency and power of the engine. There are numerous fuel system additives with different uses. For instance, combustion catalysts lower the ignition temperature of fuel thus typically decreasing the temperature of fuel combustion from 1200 degrees to 800 degrees Fahrenheit. Detergent agents, on the other hand clean the automobile engines and lead to reduced pollution emissions.

Oil Filters
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Oil filter is an essential component of the fuel system, their objective is to decontaminate oil that may contains suspended impurities. Oil filters are detachable units and need regular service and maintainence. Impurities in the oil, if supplied to the engine may damage it or cause it to malfunction, thus oil filters aside from enhancing the auto's performance also ensure its longevity. There are two primary designs of oil filters (a) Cartridge filters and (b) Spin-on filters. While, cartridge filters only require the filtration element to be remove, spin-on filters can be removed completely and with ease.

Oil Pumps
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Oil pumps are devices which pull oil from the crankcase or an oil sump and then supply it with pressure through the oil filter and oil passages to camshaft, bearings and upper valvetrain to let the engine oil lubricate them. Oil pumps are typically gear pumps driven by the motion of camshaft or crankshaft. Consequently as the engine speeds up, so does the pressure with which the pump force oil through the system. As a result, in order to prevent the pressure from exceeding the acceptable limits a spring-loaded pressure relief valve guides the oil back to its soure, when the highest acceptable pressure limit has been reached.

Oil Strainer
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Oil strainers refer to a wire-mesh screens installed at the passage from where the engine oil is supplied to the other engine parts by the oil pump. Its purpose is to fillter any large impurities, dirt, scale, etc, from choking the downstream passage. These foreign particles mostly include matter that is still suspended in the oil instead of having settled down at the bottom of the oil pan or sump. It sucks oil in from the crankcase and pushes it through the filter and oil galleries to the bearings, camshaft and upper valvetrain.

Buying Tips for Automobile Lubrication System Parts

You can ensure quality automotive part supplies through the following buying tips.

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

As the production of automobiles increase, so will the demand for lubrication system constitutuents. The automotive industry expects the global demand for lubes to increase and reach 41.8 million metric tons by 2010.

In Europe, there's a demand for Group II base oils, the majority of which are produced in the US and Asia at present. As for group III base oil, while the demand is expected to increase to about 1.2 to 1.5 million tons in the region, the manufacture would maintain the same level of quantities, which is approximately 485,000 metric tons per year.

In the United States, the quick lube market has been growing pretty fast. While in 1997 the Motor oil sales were US$ 555 million in all, it sales have grown to capture about 75% to 80% of the motor oil market by 2005 . According to 2002 figures, the major quick lube players commaned the market in the following manner: Pennzoil 30.6%, Valvoline 17%, Castrol 13.6%, Mobil Oil 8%, Quaker State 7.1%, the smaller player accounted for the remaining 24% of the market share. The lubricant market value has been growing at an annual rate of 4 percent.]]> Automobile Fuel Supply System - The Basics tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.39 2008-09-15T06:13:48Z 2008-09-24T11:14:00Z An automobile fuel supply system comprises a number of automotive components that assist in supplying fuel to the engine's combustion chamber and regulating it, thereby preventing any loss of fuel. The fuel supply system for internal combustion engines typically comprise... Automotive Online
An automobile fuel supply system comprises a number of automotive components that assist in supplying fuel to the engine's combustion chamber and regulating it, thereby preventing any loss of fuel.

fuel-supply-system.jpg The fuel supply system for internal combustion engines typically comprise a fuel delivery pipe to which fuel injectors are mounted through connectors, which lead to a fuel tank through a fuel pipe. Further, the connectors of the injectors extend upward to open at an upper portion in the delivery pipe. When the vehicle starts and the air and fuel vapor is produced in the fuel supply system, it is gradually introduced into the delivery pipe and rapidly injected through the connectors and the injectors into the combustion chamber of an engine.

The fuel supply system of an automobile comes into play when the person driving the automobile steps on the gas. The gas pedal is linked to a throttle valve which opens and closes depending upon how much the gas pedal has been pressed. The harder the press, more is the fuel supplied to the engine.

All of this is accomplished with the help of a valve called the fuel injector. The injector is capable of opening and closing many times each second as well as atomizing the fuel when it sprays it into the combustion chamber.

Automobile Filters

automobile-filter.jpg Automobile filter or an air filter is a device which purifies the air supplied to the engine by removing dust and other particulates from it. Air filters are essential because the air supplied to an engine needs to be free of pollutants, lest it damages the engine, contaminates the oil or causes it to malfunction. Most of today's automobiles using fuel injection technology utilize a pleated paper filter element in the form of a flat panel. The filter is positioned inside a plastic box linked to the throttle body.

Carburetor

The carburetor is an automotive component that mixes air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. Invented by Karl Benz before 1885, it's colloquially known as carb in North America and the UK. The construction of a typical carburetor entails a "barrel" through which the air rushes into the inlet Carburetor.jpg manifold of the engine. The shape of the barrel causes the airflow to increase in speed at the narrowest part. Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small holes located at narrowest part of the barrel. This operation mixes air and fuel before it is reaches the cylinder through the fuel injector.

Fuel Cell

Fuel cells are an electrochemical conversion devices, which produce electricity from fuel and an oxidant, when they react in the presence of an electrolyte. These cells continue to produce electricity as long as the reactants flow into the cell and the by-products flow out of it. Fuel cells can continue operation continuously till the necessary flows of electrolytes and reactants are maintained.

Fuel Injection System
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Fuel injection system refers to the set of automotive part which mix fuel with air in an internal combustion engine. The primary component of this system is the fuel injector, which is a computer controlled valve. When pressurized fuel is supplied to it, it delivers fine droplets of fuel and air mixture into the combustion chamber of the engine. It's a sophisticated piece of machinery and can open and close multiple times within a second. The quantity of the fuel supplied to the engine is determined by amount time the fuel injector stays open. This function is electronically controlled. The system also makes use of a lot of sensors to ensure that the right amount of fuel is sprayed into the cylinders.

Fuel Pump

The fuel pump is a vacuum device controlled mechanically or electrically to draw gasoline fromthe tank and supply it to the carburetor or the fuel injector. A fuel pump is an essential component of automobiles. Carburetor and fuel injected engines make use of different kinds of fuel pumps. While carbureted fuel-pump.jpg engines utilize low pressure mechanical pumps mounted outside the fuel tank, the fuel injected engines use electric fuel pumps that are mounted inside the fuel tank. At other times fuel injected engines have two pumps: one meant for low pressure/high volume supply and the other for high pressure/low volume supply.

Fuel Tank

The fuel tank is that part of an automobile engine, which stores the fuel supplied into the engine. Depending upon the type of automobile and fuels, fuel tanks vary in sizes, types and complexity of designs.

Buying Tips for Fuel Supply System Components

You can ensure quality automotive part supplies through the following buying tips.

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

The growth of the automobile fuel supply system industry is directly linked to the growth of the automobile industry as a whole. While at present the auto industry is going through a downturn in North America and Europe, other markets such as China and Russia are amongst the emerging markets.

Off late, plastics have been replacing steel as the material for the manufacture of fuel tanks. Estimates conclude that about 348,000 tonnes of steel was lost in 2006 and by 2013 about 419,000 tonnes of steel could be lost to plastic. The trend is expected to continue till the market is saturated. The increasing popularity of plastics is attributed to their being non-corrosive, lighter and more flexible than metal.

On another front the market potential for fuel-injection systems is also looking up owing to increasing environmental concerns. In fact reduction in exhaust emissions have already been witnessed due to the improvements in diesel engine design in Europe. The newer designs while lead to decreased emissions, enhance the automobile engine's performance.

Furthermore, technologies such as hybrid and electric cars are fast becoming popular around the world, which also require different fuel-injection systems. Also, fuel cells are expected to power these vehicles. On the whole the outlook for automobile fuel supply systems is promising.

]]> Automobile Exhaust System - A Brief Description tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.38 2008-09-08T05:08:37Z 2008-09-15T06:08:41Z Automobile exhaust system refers to a group of independent but interrelated automotive components used to direct the waste exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber of an engine. Based on its design an the exhaust system comprises several different parts... Automotive Online
Automobile exhaust system refers to a group of independent but interrelated automotive components used to direct the waste exhaust gases out of the combustion chamber of an engine.

Based on its design an the exhaust system comprises several different parts such as a cylinder head and exhaust manifold, a turbocharger to enhance engine power, catalytic converters for air pollution reduction,a muffler or a silencer to reduce noise and one or more exhaust pipes.
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The design of exhaust pipes entails careful planning so as to ensure that toxic and unwanted gases are carried away from the automobile and its occupants. Further, since exhaust gases are extremely hot, the exhaust pipes must be made of materials that can withstand high temperature and are not damaged even when subjected to extreme conditions for hours at a stretch.

Exhaust systems are different for different kinds of automobiles. For instance, in motorcycles, most of the exhaust system is visible. Often when used in trucks the exhaust system is visible too and the muffler is encased in a by a perforated metal sheath to prevent people getting burnt by touching the hot silencer.

Automobile Exhaust System Components

A number of essential components work together to make an exhaust system functional and effective. Explained below are some of these components.

Catalytic Converters

A catalytic converter also known as "catcon" or "cat" is a component used tocatalytic-converter.jpg reduce the toxicity of emissions from an automotive engine. A typical catalytic converter works by creating an environment for a chemical reaction which helps in converting toxic combustion by-products to less-toxic substances. The device was used for the first time in the US in 1975 in order to comply with stricter EPA regulations on auto exhaust emissions. Not only automobiles but catalytic converters are used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment and all other machines whose engines emit toxic smoke. Catalytic converters are commonly classified as either Two-way catalytic converters or Three-way catalytic converters. In case of automobiles, catalytic converters are installed for use on flexible fuel vehicles, spark ignition engines (gasoline; liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG) engines and compression ignition (diesel) engines.

Exhaust Manifold Gaskets
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An essential component of the system, exhaust manifold gaskets seal the exhaust manifold to the cylinder head. Manifold gaskets in automotive exhaust systems interface with an engine to convey exhaust gases away from cylinders of the engine. They are directly mounted to a cylinder head of the engine and receive the exhaust gases, just as the exhaust gases exit the cylinder head. In addition to this primary function, the gaskets prevent exhaust gases from escaping within the engine, which could cause heat damage to components in the engine compartment, create noise, or harm the environment.

Exhaust Pipes
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Exhaust pipe assemblies are meant for receiving hot gases from such heat source (i.e. the engine) and convey the hot gases from the heat source toward a lower temperature environment. A typical manifold pipe assembly consists of a manifold     pipe that defines a gas path for conveying hot gases from an inlet end at the engine to the outlet end.

Exhaust Clamps and Brackets

An exhaust system by virtue of its position and function is subjected to extreme temperature and pressure. Exhaust clamps and brackets consist of a hanger for exhaust system componentsexhaust-clamp.jpg wherein looped and reinforced resilient sheet material is placed between the exhaust system and the vehicle, in addition to the overlapping brackets from the exhaust system. In the event of a failure of the compressed loop, the brackets come into play to provide support to the exhaust system, thus preventing a complete failure.

Exhaust System Components - Buying Tips

You can ensure quality automotive part supplies through the following buying tips.

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

Exhaust system has come a long way and today it is expected to meet stricter than ever exhaust gas emission legislations. Furthermore, as the number of custom and sport utility vehicles (SUV) on the roads have increased so has the demand for sophisticated exhaust systems. This is even more relevant with respect to the performance equipment aftermarket, such as in the US.

Exhaust emissions, as already mentioned have become the top consideration in the  development and manufacture of exhaust system and the automotive trade associations need to take a note of the changing scenario. The issue of exhaust emissions has caught the limelight mostly due to the widespread environmental awareness and consciousness that pollution from automobiles causes many of today’s health problems. At the same time the emission regulation has led to the manufacture of more technologically complex and expensive exhaust treatment components for installation within automobiles.

Trends suggest that state-of-the-art exhaust systems will entail developing filters that would trap most of the environmentally harmful emission content. Designing mufflers for increasingly silent exhaust systems is another important area.

While catalytic converters make up for a critical components assisting in compliance with emission legislation, new technologies such as fuel cell technology may eat into the market for catalytic converters. Nevertheless, substrates and catalytically active coating will still be needed.

]]> Automobile Engine - The Basics tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.37 2008-09-01T05:54:57Z 2008-09-08T12:22:48Z Simply put, an automobile engine is a motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work in order to propel an automobile. The engines commonly used in automobiles are internal combustion engines wherein fuel viz. gasoline and air mixture burns in... Automotive Online Simply put, an automobile engine is a motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work in order to propel an automobile. The engines commonly used in automobiles are internal combustion engines wherein fuel viz. gasoline and air mixture burns in an enclosure known as the combustion chamber. Consequently, this blast or chemical reaction produces gases at high temperature and pressure. As these gases expand with force, their energy is used to perform mechanical work to drive the vehicle.
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The functioning of an engine is cyclic. Different sets of engine components must move in a controlled and a coordinated fashion to keep a vehicle in motion. The set of repetitive movements is called the engine cycle. A typical 4-stroke engine cycle entails the following stages or strokes:

1.Intake stroke: Wherein air and fuel are drawn in to the combustion chamber.

2.Compression stroke: In this stage the vaporized fuel and air are compressed and then ignited.

3.Combustion stroke: It is a phase in which the fuel burns releasing energy and pushing the piston.

4.Exhaust stroke: This stage is marked by expulsion of waste gases (exhaust) and heat.

Engines of cars and trucks involve several such processes occurring one after the other depending upon the type of engine viz. 4-cylinder, 6-cylinder engine, or 8-cylinder engine etc. Usually, the more the number of cylinders, greater is the power generated.

A number of essential engine parts enable the automobile engine to work well. For, instance a typical four-stroke engine's key components include connecting rods, pistons, crankshaft, spark plugs, valves, crankpins, camshafts, cylinders, etc.

Automobile Engine Components

Components and subsystems that are the bedrock of an engine are numerous. Some common ones are described below.

Camshaft
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A camshaft is an automotive part that operates the poppet valves (the valves used to open and close the intake and exhaust ports within the cylinder head). Structurally, it is made up of a cylindrical rod and a number of oblong lobes or cams jutting out from it. There's a separate cam for each of the valve. As the cams move that force open the valves when the press on them and also close them by a similar mechanism.

Crankshaft

Also nicknamed as the crank, a crankshaft converts the to-and-fro motion of the piston into rotary motion so as to transfer the power to the transmission. A typical crankshaft comprises crank throws/crankpins and bearing surfaces to which the connecting rods from cylinders are attached.

Connecting rod
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In an automobile engine the connecting rod also called a conrod joins the piston to the crank or crankshaft and aids in transmitting the force and motion from the piston. Subjected to heavy stress, conrods are often made of steel, or Aluminum, or Titanium.

Cylinder Head

The cylinder head is positioned at the top of the engine block is the and contains a platform containing part of the combustion chamber as well as the location of the valves and cylinder-head.jpg sparkplugs. In case of an overhead valve head, the top half of the cylinder head houses the camshaft or another mechanisms viz. rocker arms and pushrods that aid in transfer rotational motion from the crankshaft to linear motion used to operate the valves.

Crankcase

In an automobile engine, the crankcase refers to the housing meant for the crankshaft. A crankcase is the largest cavity in the engine, which is separated from the cylinders by the reciprocating pistons. Aside from protecting the crankshaft and connecting from foreign objects, based on the type of engine it accomplishes other functions as well.

Engine Block
engine-block.jpg
Also known as the cylinder block, it is a machine casting or at times a compilation of modules comprising cylindrical holes for housing the pistons of an engine, or for a similar devices such as pumps. Complicated in design, it forms the bedrock for mounting of other critical engine parts including crankcase, cylinder head, drive housing, engine mounts, engine ancillaries, passages for coolants, lubricants, etc.

Piston

A piston is an important component of an automobile engine. Positioned inside a cylinder it is made gas-tight by piston.jpg means of piston rings. Its purpose is to transfer the force of expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft through a piston rod and/or connecting rod.

Buying Tips

You can ensure quality automotive part supplies through the following buying tips.

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

Companies world over, involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing and sale of motor vehicles constitute the automotive industry. Automotive industry is large and growing. In 2007, over 73 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced around the world. Of which 22.9 million were produced in Europe, 19.4 million in USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 21.4 million in Asia-Pacific, 1.4 million in Africa and 2.4 million in the Middle East.

Off late, while the markets in North America and Japan haven't grown fast, the emerging markets of South America and Asia, including Russia, Brazil and China have witnessed remarkable growth.

Automobile engines are at the heart of the industry and several trends will drive the production of automotive engines of the future. Responding to the various social, economic, environmental, political and technical factors, the engine design and development is geared towards fuel efficient and low emission engines. Additionally, engines driven by alternative fuels viz. hybrids, CNG, Hydrogen, Electricity are gaining ground and are attracting attention. The future of engine design will also be determined by need for building sustainable transport systems.]]> Automobile Electrical System – A Condensed Overview tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.35 2008-08-25T05:11:04Z 2008-09-02T06:20:16Z Automobile Electrical System refers to the set up within a vehicle that supplies electricity to the crank for starting and running the engine. Additionally, it powers the lighting system and other electrical gadgets within the automobile. An automobile's electrical system... Automotive Online Automobile Electrical System refers to the set up within a vehicle that supplies electricity to the crank for starting and running the engine. Additionally, it powers the lighting system and other electrical gadgets within the automobile.
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An automobile's electrical system typically comprises starting motor & controls, batteries, wiring, electronic ignition, generator and voltage regulator,and electronic fuel metering.

Today's cars however are much more sophisticated and house a computerized electrical system and a lot many devices such as radios and sound systems powered by the electrical system.

The fundamental components of a car's electrical system is the battery. It's the battery coupled with an alternator that supply electricity. The battery houses electrical charge to start the car. The alternator on the other hand produces electric current while the engine is running, thereby recharging the battery and also producing the power needed to run the remaining electrical devices.

Automotive Electrical System Components

There are a number of parts that work in tandem to make the whole system work. Some of these essential components are described below.
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Armature

 Armature is the principal power-producing component of alternator, generator, dynamo within the car's electrical system. An automobile armature's role is twofold. First is to generate an electromotive force and secondly to carry current crossing the electrical field, to create the necessary shaft torque.

Automobile Battery

Automobile batteries are a type of rechargeable batteries that meet all of the automobile's electric energy. The automobile-battery.jpg batteries usually refer to SLI battery used in powering the Starting - Lighting – Ignition systems including starter motor, the lights, engine. However, they may refer to traction batteries, which are the primary source of power for electric vehicles. Automotive batteries typically provide a 12-volt potential difference by connecting six galvanic cells in series. Batteries produce electric current when due to chemical reactions inside it there a flow of electrons through the conductors. There are several types of lead-acid batteries in use today, such as Calcium-Calcium, Wet/Flooded, AGM, MF, GEL, VRLA, Vlies, Hybrid, etc.

Automobile Ignition System
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Ignition system refers to an arrangement of automotive components which work together to ignite the a fuel-air mixture inside the engine's cylinder. When it was invented for use in internal combustion engines, a flame, or a heated tube, was used to ignite the fuel-air mixture. Later, however these were replaced by systems that made use of an electric spark. Timing is critical for their effective functioning, if the timing of that spark is missed even by a small fraction of a second, it would cause the engine to malfunction. Several types of ignition systems exist, some of the most common types are Distributorless ignition system, Electronic ignition system and Point-type ignition system.

Automobile Starting System

 automobile-starting-system.jpg An automobile's starting system is perhaps the most critical of an automobile's electrical system. Once the ignition switch is turned on the starting system comes into play. Beginning with the automobile's battery, a small amount of charge flows to the Starter Selenoid via the Neutral Safety Switch. This action enables a flow of high currant to the starter motor through the battery's cables. Consequently, the starter motor cranks the engine and the combustion cycle begins.

Automotive Electrical Wiring
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Automotive electrical wires are a single, cylindrical, elongated string of drawn metal, used to to carry electricity and electrical signals. The wires within the automobile's electrical system enable circuits which are in turn used to run wipers, heater fan, head lights, tail lights, stop lights, stereo, alarm and all other electrical and electronic devices. Based on their use and functioning electrical wires come in different types. For instance, Ignition circuit, Starting circuit, Charging circuit, Accessory circuit, Lighting circuit, all of which work with different types of wires.

Charging system

Charging system refers to the set of components viz. alternators, rectifier, regulators, that help recharge the battery. The system is essential for running the car's lights, radio, heaters, and other useful gadgets. A typical charging system comprises the voltage regulator, the batteries, and the alternator. While the alternator generates electric currant, the regulator checks any excess or deficit in the supply of currant. The batteries on the other hand serve as a repository of electric charge, coming into play whenever the alternator gets overloaded in addition to supplying power to the automobile's accessories.

Spark Plugs
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A spark plug is an electrical component that's installed at the cylinder head of of an automobile's engine, the function of which is to ignite the compressed air and gas mixture by providing an electric spark. The construction of spark plugs entails an insulated center electrode attached with a heavily insulated wire to the ignition coil.  It is designed to form a grounded terminal on the base of the plug with a spark gap lying inside the cylinder.

Buying Tips For Automobile Electrical System Parts

You can ensure quality automotive part supplies through the following buying tips.

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

Auto electrical system industry includes trading of parts such as General Service components e.g. spark plugs and electrical parts viz. wiring, tune-up kits, switches; filters (oil, air and gas); belts and hoses; batteries; engine accessories viz. carburetors, alternators, oil and water pumps, speed control.

A number of factors influence the the automobile electrical systems market, most significant of these are include safety, cost pressures, and environmental concerns. Now the electrical system industry and the automotive industry as a whole is under constant pressure to improve fuel consumption at the same time cut emissions. Popularity and production of a number of hybrid and electric vehicles are a testament to this emerging trend.

Aside from the economic influences, technological expectation have also scaled up over the years. Experts predict that there will be large increases in the electrical power requirements of automobiles. Most of this demand would be driven by the introduction of new functions like the active suspension and the electrification of currant functions, such as engine valves and power steering.

As a consequence, a higher voltage than the present system of 12 Vdc would be needed, which calls for the industry's transition to new system designs. In fact estimates reveal that around 50% of electrical and electronic convenience features available in today's automobiles didn't exist even 10 years Back, e.g. remote keyless entry, multimedia systems, rear seat entertainment, telephones, etc. And the industry should see more of such developments taking place at an increased rate.

]]> Automobile Transmission System - A Brief Outline tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.34 2008-08-18T08:46:37Z 2008-08-25T09:15:38Z Automobile transmission system refers to the assembly of gears and associated automotive components by means of which the power of the engine is multiplied and transmitted to the driving axle. It is also the system through which a driver shifts... Automotive Online Automobile transmission system refers to the assembly of gears and associated automotive components by means of which the power of the engine is multiplied and transmitted to the driving axle. It is also the system through which a driver shifts gears by the action of her hand on the gear lever or gearstick. A manual transmission system is known by several different terms such as standard transmission, stick shift, stick, or straight drive.

automobile-transmission-system.jpg With the transmissions featuring a driver-operated clutch and a movable gear selector, most of them enable the driver to select any of the forward gears at any time. However in some cases such as the ones installed on motorcycles and some types of racing cars, the driver can only switch to the next-highest or next-lowest gear.

Automobile transmission can either be manual or automatic. The manual transmissions feature different gear ratios which can be switched to by engaging pairs of gears inside the transmission. On the other hand the automatic transmissions typically have gears controlled by brake bands or clutch packs for selecting a gear ratio. Another category of transmission is the semi-automatic transmission, which allows the driver to select the current gear manually.

Although, the current automobile transmissions comprise a set of four to six forward gears with a reverse gear, but automobiles with manual transmission consisting of eight forward gears have also been built. Manual, Automatic, Non-synchronous, Continuously variable, Semi-automatic, Infinitely variable, Hydrostatic, Electric variable, Electric and Hydrodynamic are some other types of automobile transmission systems.

Transmission System Components

The transmission system of an automobile is a complex piece of machinery and there are a number of different components that work in conjunction with each other to make it work. Some essential parts of the system are explained below.

Automotive Gears and Gear Parts
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Automotive gears form the basic element of a transmission system transmitting rotational force to another device or gear. The difference between a gear and a pulley is that a gear is a round wheel with linkages, also called the "cogs" or "teeth," which mingle with other gear teeth to completely transfer the force. There are many different types of gears and based on their design and arrangement, they can transmit forces at different speeds, torques, different directions, from the source of  power.

Clutch

Clutch is an essential component of the transmission system that interrupts power transmission. It is installed between the engine and gearbox of an automobile. Clutches are made up of two rotating shafts. Of which one shaft is usually driven by a motor or pulley, while the other drives is meant to drive aautomotive-clutch.jpg
device. A clutch links the two shafts in such a way that they can either be engaged (rotate at the same speed) or be disengaged (spin at different speeds). Clutches are often classified as single plate friction clutch, mostly used in automobiles and trucks, or the multiple plate friction clutch, installed mostly in diesel engines and motorcycles. Further, they can also be classified as “wet” or “dry” depending on whether they are immersed in a lubricating fluid or not.

Gear Shifters
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Gear shifters are a part of the gearbox which comprises shift forks and links the transmission controls at the drivers end to the synchronization. Thus enabling the driver to choose a gear ratio. Sometimes, to automatize gear shifters, different types of actuators such as a pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric actuators are used based on the space available around the drivetrain as well as the car type.

Output Shaft

Output shaft is a shaft that transfers motion from a primary mover to the part that's driven. In case of automobiles, the shaft transmits torque from the transmission.

Torque Converters
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Torque converter is a type of coupling that is used to transmit rotating power from the automobile engine or the electric motor to a rotating driven load. In its simple application it can serve as a mechanical clutch engaging or disengaging the load from the power source. However, in its advanced application it can even be used to multiply torque if there's a lot of difference between input and output speed or rotation.

Transmission Axles

The term transmission axle refers to the central shaft for rotating the gears of an transmission-axle.jpg automobile. An integral component of the transmission system, it is sometimes positioned with a bearing or bushing inside the hole in the gears, thus enabling the gear to rotate around it.

Other essential components of the transmission system include parts such as Universal Joints, Differential, Torque Converters, etc.

Buying Tips

You can ensure quality automotive part supplies through the following buying tips.

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

Owing to the competition in the automotive industry increasingly attaining global levels, there is an immense pressure on the manufacturers to reduce costs. Further, a feature peculiar to the transmission industry is that transmission parts are investment intensive, hence it is more likely to feel the heat of global competition.
In addition, both economic and environmental concerns warrant that development of transmission system needs of be geared towards reduced fuel consumption as well as emissions, thus bringing them in line with the market dynamics.

At present about 80 percent of transmissions are developed by the car manufacturers themselves. However, experts opine that if auto part manufacturers begin to share licenses it could lead to a production of 93 million transmission by 2015, as compared to 69 million today.

Furthermore, increased mobility is also the need of the hour as car production too is estimated to increase by a big measure. For instance, at present there are about 800 million cars around the world, but by 2020 this figure would swell to a staggering 1.1 billion, witnessing a growth of 15 percent per year.

There are several upcoming markets in the automotive industry including Brazil, Russia India and China, which would also be the markets of tomorrow for the transmission industry.]]> The Essentials Of Automobile Braking System tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.33 2008-08-11T08:05:25Z 2008-08-19T10:49:36Z The braking system of an automobile is made up of mechanical parts which work in a coordinated fashion and assist in slowing down an automobile or completely stop it. Brakes work by creating friction between the moving parts of the... Automotive Online The braking system of an automobile is made up of mechanical parts which work in a coordinated fashion and automobile-braking-system.jpg assist in slowing down an automobile or completely stop it. Brakes work by creating friction between the moving parts of the vehicle and the brake components, thus regulating the speed of a vehicle. Based on the physics braking, brakes have to exert 4 times the energy of a moving vehicle in order to bring the automobile to a halt.

Different types of brakes are installed in automobiles of all kinds, trucks, trains, motorcycles, etc. Some common braking systems are: drum brakes (single leading edge), drum brakes (double leading edge), disc brakes, disc brakes (full-contact), power brakes, cross-linked brakes, hand brakes, hydraulic brakes and Anti lock Braking Systems (ABS). A braking system is perhaps the most important system in an automobile because it helps to keep the vehicle under control and keep the driver safe.

Braking Systems and Brake Components

From drum brakes to power-assisted brakes, braking systems have been critical to automobiles and have continuously evolved with them. Today many path braking technologies and brake components such as brake boosters, brake cylinders, brake hydraulic valve, brake lines, etc., lend a braking system high efficacy. They are also the key behind advanced braking systems such as the anti-lock braking system. The following are some braking systems and their components.

Disc Brakes
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Disc brakes make use of friction generated between the disc attached to a wheel and the wheel itself, to slow or stop an automobile. Disc brakes comprise brake pads that serve as friction material and are fixed onto a device called a brake caliper. When the brake pedal is pushed by a driver the brake pads are mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically forced against both sides of the disc mounted on the wheels, thus regulating the speed.

Drum Brakes
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Louis Renault is credited for inventing the modern drum brakes in 1902. Drum brakes regulate speed by causing friction between the wheels and a set of shoes or pads that push against the inside surface of a rotating drum. The drum is attached to the rotating wheels. Typically, drum brakes are classified as either  leading/trailing or twin leading. Out of the two types, the twin leading drum brakes are more effective.

Hand Brakes
Hand brakes are latching brakes and are normally used to keep an automobile stationary, when not being driven. hand-brakes.jpg Also known as e-brake, emergency brake, park brake, parking brake or slide stick, the brakes are often configured on the floor and between front passenger and the driver. However, they can even be configured as a lever at the bottom of the dashboard, or as a foot-operated pedal. The brake comprises a cable that connects the braking system at one end and a lever on the other. The driver operates the hand-lever (or a pedal) to actuate or release the brake.

Power Brakes
 power-brakes.jpg
A braking system employing power braking uses the engine's power and/or the power of batteries to assist the driver in braking. Although conventional brakes  generate enough force to regulate the speed of an automobile, power brakes further enhance this power by supplementing it from other sources (i.e. engine/batteries), thus causing highly efficient braking. Some common types of power brakes are: air suspended brakes, vacuum suspended brakes, hydraulic booster and electro-hydraulic booster brakes.

Hydraulic Brakes

Hydraulic brakes consists of a braking mechanism that uses brake fluid, to apply the braking force from the controlling unit (viz. brake pedal) to the actual brake mechanism. Hydraulic brakes are based on a multiple piston system, wherein the brake pedal when pushed, produces an equivalent force on each of the output pistons, thus multiplying the force and cause efficient braking.

Brake Components

Brake Booster

A brake booster is a useful braking system component that enhances braking performance by augmenting the brake-booster.jpg pressure applied when a brake pedal is pushed. When the engine is running it produces vacuum, a brake booster collects this vacuum through a rubber hose and uses it to amplify braking power. So even when the brake pedal is pushed only lightly it causes more braking action, thus making the brakes more sensitive.

Brake Pedal

A brake pedal is a foot operated pedal, that when pushed by the drivers, moves a piston in the master brake cylinder to regulate the speed of an automobile.

Brake Cylinder
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An automobile's brake cylinder or a wheel cylinder is a component found in drum brake systems. Installed at each of the wheels, its function is to exert pressure onto the shoes so as to enable a contact between the shoes and the drum, thus actuating a braking action.

Other Brake Components
Other essential brake components include, Brake Hydraulic Valve, Brake Lines, Brake Pedal, Brake Pumps, Brake Roll and Wheel Studs.

Buying Tips

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Outlook
In the wake of rising gas prices worldwide, many manufacturers within the automobile industry have scaled down production of new automobiles, especially the bigger vehicles like the State Utility Vehicles (SUVs). Consequently, the autoparts industry too has taken a hit. Nevertheless, the demand for automotive parts such as braking system and its components still exists, albeit lowered.

In 2006, the market for friction products and materials was worth $6.9 billion in North America, however this figure dipped by a small margin in 2007 and was valued at $6.8 billion.

Off late the brake system designers have been pressed to produce better systems in terms of a higher performance and newer, more effective materials that weigh less, but without increased costs for manufacturing. Experiments with materials novel to the braking industry viz. aluminum or ceramic discs have already been conducted.
Another prevailing trend is to incorporate more of electronics into the braking systems. Electro-hydraulic braking (EHB) and electro-mechanical braking (EMB), though still in their nascence, are some exemplars to the trend.
Forecasts suggest that by the end of 2012, the friction products and materials market in North America would be worth 7.7 billion in at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.6%. Although, these materials are used by other industries viz. aerospace and aircraft, the largest share in the market's total value would be that of automobiles.]]> Automobile Cooling System Explained tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.31 2008-08-04T07:45:09Z 2008-08-19T10:51:59Z An automobile's cooling system is the collection of parts and substances (coolants) that work together to maintain the engine's temperature at optimal levels. Comprising many different components such as water pump, coolant, a thermostat, etc, the system enables smooth and... Automotive Online cooling system is the collection of parts and substances (coolants) that work together to maintain the engine's temperature at optimal levels. Comprising many different components such as water pump, coolant, a
automobile-cooling-system.jpg thermostat, etc, the system enables smooth and efficient functioning of the engine at the same time protecting it from damage.

While it's running, an automobile's engine generates enormous amounts of heat. Each combustion cycle entails thousands of controlled explosions taking place every minute inside the engine. If the automobile races on and the heat generated within isn't dissipated, it would cause the engine to self-destruct. Hence, it is imperative to concurrently remove the waste heat. While the waste heat is also dissipated through the intake of cool air and exit of hot exhaust gases, the engine's cooling system is explicitly meant to keep the temperature within limits.

The cooling system essentially comprises passages inside the engine block and heads, a  pump to circulate the coolant, a thermostat to control the flow of the coolant, a radiator to cool the coolant and a radiator cap controls the pressure within the system.

In order to achieve the cooling action, the system circulates the liquid coolant through passages in the engine block and heads. As it runs through, the coolant absorbs heat before returning to the radiator, to be cooled itself. Next, the cooled down coolant is recirculated and the cycle continues to maintain the engine's temperature at the right levels.

Engine Cooling System Components

A number of different constituents enable smooth operation of the automobile's cooling system. Some of the most essential ones are explained below.
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Engine Cooling Fluids

An engine coolant is a fluid which flows through the engine and prevents it from overheating by transferring the heat generated by the engine to other components that either make use of it or dissipate it. Features of an ideal coolant entail a high low viscosity, thermal capacity, has chemical inertness and is low-cost. Further, it should neither cause or promote corrosion of the cooling system.

Water Cooling Systems

A water cooling system accomplishes the cooling action with the help of water. There are  various components water-cooling-systems.jpg that make up the cooling system are the Air Blower, Cooling Fans, Radiator Pressure Caps, Water Pipes, Coolant Hoses, Radiator Parts, Radiators and Water Pumps. Each of these components plays an essential role. For instance, the radiator cools the coolant so that it can be reused, the water pump pumps the coolant through the system via water pipes, the Air Blower draws air through the radiator to achieve the cooling action, etc.

Valves

The cooling system valves have an essential role to play. An engine's cooling system for an internal combustion engine utilizing liquid coolant, includes a liquid coolant filled radiator and engine "water" jacket, a radiator cap to pressurize the radiator, a coolant pump and a thermostat. While the thermostat determines when it is appropriate to either prohibit coolant flow or to allow coolant flow between the engine or radiator, the valve assembly act like a door that opens up and closes as required.

Cooling System Gaskets
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The cooling system for engines include a cylinder block defining a water jacket with in it, which has a an inlet. Further, a water pump housing is attached to the the cylinder block, and a water pump suction cover is fixed to the housing and sealed upon it by a gasket. The gasket plays an important role of projecting the water into the water jacket inlet so as to guide water within the system.

Aluminum Housing

A water pump housing entails a construction that supports the casing of a driven water pump within the cooling system. The housing plays the vital role of installing the pump and keeping it in position.

Buying Tips

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4. Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5. You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

Cooling systems are slated to evolve very fast during the coming years, for the most part due to several demands placed on manufacturers pertaining to stricter emission standards, pedestrian safety laws and for and increased pressure to achieve low fuel consumption. The automobile industry to brace up for all these and more challanges.

In addition, there the demand for making cooling systems compact than ever in order to better utilize the space inside the hood. Moreover, not only are all these demands simultaneous, that makes them challenging, but it is also the fact that all of it has to be achieved at costs that are acceptable.

Accommodating each of the demands will undoubtedly lead manufacturers to bring forth innovative designs. For instance, if the packaging space is to be reduced by a good margin in the vehicle front-end, then it is naturally essential to develop more efficient and tinier heat exchangers. Furthermore, almost all components would need to be redesigned to meet the specifications, be it the thermostats, the pumps, valves, etc.

Even concerns for pedestrian safety, which have gained momentum around the world recently, especially in Europe would require the manufacturers to rethink not just the automobile's engine but other components within the hood as well. Experts opine that  the automakers would need improve the performance density of the engines' cooling modules and achieve the same performance with smaller units.
]]> A Brief Session On Automobile Chassis & Frames tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.30 2008-07-21T08:06:32Z 2008-08-19T10:56:12Z An automotive chassis comprises a framework to support the body, engine and other components that make up automobiles. It lends the whole vehicle support and rigidity.An automobile's chassis usually includes a pair of longitudinally extending channels and multiple transverse cross... Automotive Online An automotive chassis comprises a framework to support the body, engine and other components that make up automobiles. It lends the whole vehicle support and rigidity.
automobile -frame.jpg
An automobile's chassis usually includes a pair of longitudinally extending channels and multiple transverse cross members that intersect the channels. The transverse members have a reduced cross section in order to allow for a longitudinally extending storage space.

The system of chassis and frames in automobiles  implies the basic structure and the running gear such as engine, transmission, driveshaft, differential, and suspension. Although the body of an automobile isn't necessary for the integrity of the structure, it too is supported on the the chassis to make a complete vehicle.

Automobile Chassis & Frame Parts

Automobile chassis and frame is a set of several different parts, some of them are bonnet, hood and the various types of chassis. Explanations of some of these follow.

Bonnet
Bonnet.jpg
Called the hood in North America but bonnet in the UK, it refers to the hinged cover protecting the engine of autmobiles. The bonnet when lifted open, allows access to the engine compartment for carrying out maintenance and repair. On passenger cars the hood is usually held down by a concealed latch, whereas on race cars it is held in place by hood pins. A majority of hoods are made out of steel, however, aluminum is also becoming popular, as are fiberglass, carbon fiber and dry carbon.

Hood

Known as 'top' in US English but 'hood' in British terminology, a hood refers to a fabric cover over the passenger compartment of an automobile. Hoods are mostly made from vinyl materials but at times Fabrics are also used.

Ladder Chassis
ladder-chassis.jpg
A ladder chassis is one of the earliest kinds of chassis. A ladder chassis is called so because of its appearance.Its construction entails two longitudinal rails interconnected by many lateral/cross braces. The lateral and cross members provide rigidity to the structure. Though this type of a chassis is used less often these days, most SUVs are still built around them.


Backbone Chassis
monocoque-chassis.JPG
Backbone chassis is simple in structure. It comprises a sturdy tubular backbone that joins the front and rear axleand is responsible for most of the mechnical strength of the framework. The space within the structure is used for positioning the drive shaft in case a rear-wheel drive. Further, the drivetrain, engine and suspensions are all connected to each of the ends of the chassis.

Monocoque Chassis

Most modern cars use the Monocoque chassis. A Monocoque chassis is a single piece of framework that gives shape to a car. A one-piece chassis is built by welding several pieces together. It's different from the ladder and backbone chassis as unlike them it incoporated with the body in a single piece, where as the former only support the stress members.

Tie Bar

A tie bar is an alloy/steel bar used to tie the lower suspension pick-up points of a vehicle together. This componenttie-bar.jpg provides an increased rigidity to the chassis by bracing the left and right lower-control-arm sheet metal mounting points. Thus it reduces the non-pivoting movement of the control arms, keeps the subframe steady to decrease the distortion of the lower suspension. Its structure and function result in improved handling and steering response of an automoble.

Buying Tips

1. Always prefer new auto parts instead of used ones.

2. Choose your suppliers carefully, establish a reasonable level of trust towards a supplier, through referrals, testimonial, or certifications.

3. Be wary of suppliers offering products at extraordinarily low prices.

4.Ensure the specifics of the products you require from the supplier, before placing the order, a sample inspection is often the best way to do it.

5.You need to understand the terms and conditions including warranties and guarantees associated with the supplies you order.

Industry Overview

Despite the fact that the automotive industry as a whole has taken a beating around the world at present, especially in North America and Europe, in other markets such as China, the growth rate has been slow but not negative. Considering the markets for automotive chassis and frame there are both opportunities and challenges for auto part manufactures.

The Chinese economy maintained a rapid growth momentum in 2007 as well. This also reflected in the record production and consumption figures for auto products. For instance, while the auto production reached 8.88 million units, conumption reached 8.79 million units.

On similar lines, the US automotive parts industry showed a promising growth patterns till a couple of years years earlier, not only as a consequence of domestic consumption, but also in terms of exports. For instance, export value Chassis & Drivetrain to Australia was US$ 67,859 millon to US$ 206,071 million from 1999 to 2003.

Continued innovations in automotive engineer are expected to lead to an increased transfer of R&D and other value generating activities from manufacturers to suppliers.

Innovations in chasses engineer will be guided by consumer demands for better ride comfort, higher vehicle performance and other demands such as quality of  handling, steering and roadholding. Further, the share of the use of Information Technology to chassis and frame design will increase  is projected to increase from 12 % to 40%.



]]> An Overview Of Automobile Lighting System tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.29 2008-07-14T09:38:53Z 2008-08-19T10:59:59Z An automotive lighting system comprises lighting and signaling devices and gadgets installed and at the sides, front, and rear of an automobile.This complex system assists the driver to man the vehicle safely and effectively. This lighting system is especially useful... Automotive Online An automotive lighting system comprises lighting and signaling devices and gadgets installed and at the sides, front, and rear of an automobile.

This complex system assists the driver to man the vehicle safely and effectautomotive-lighting-system.jpgively. This lighting system is especially useful after dark, when it aids in increasing the vehicle’s visibility and to convey information vis-à-vis an automobiles direction of travel, position, size, presence and a driver's next moves to other road users.

A vehicle’s lighting devices are classified based on their position and their function. For example, a headlamp is mounted to the front of a vehicle and its objective is to provide the needed illumination of the road during low visibility conditions, like rain or nighttime. Other lighting devices include auxiliary lamps, convenience lights, ornamental lights, signaling lights, conspicuity lights, etc.

Types of Automotive Lights

There is a plethora of automotive lighting devices available, each serving a different purpose. Some of the essential lighting gadgets for automobiles are explained below.

Auxiliary Lights      

As the name suggests the auxiliary lights are meant to offer or provide help to the driver.

driving-lamps.jpgDriving Lamps: These are also known as full beam, auxiliary upper beam or auxiliary high-beam lamp. The purpose of the lamp is to enable the driver to see much ahead on long roads that are unlit. The term driving lamps has been derived from the early days of automobile, when the high-beam lamps were the ones used in driving and dipped only occasionally when another vehicle approached from the opposite direction.

Rally & Off-road lamps: These specialty lamps come in handy for automobiles used in rallying or off-roading and are driven at breakneck speeds. These extra lamps help to widen the field of illumination so that a driver can clearly see more of what lies in front of the vehicle. At times these lamps are installed on a bar parallel to the forward-facing lights or at other times are mounted just above the roof.

Headlights

Headlights or headlamps as they are known are the most used devices in an automobile’s lighting system. This is headlights.jpg so because they perform the critical function of lighting up the road ahead during low-visibility conditions. Explanation of it two types follow.

Dipped beam: This is known by many names such as low beam, meeting beam, passing beam but all of which refer to the same. These headlamps illuminate the region in a vehicle’s front in such a manner that the light is distributed to provide sufficient forward as well as lateral coverage. This is in addition to preventing the vehicles light beams from blinding any oncoming traffic.

Main beam: These lamps are also known as high beam, full beam driving beam. Main beams, as against the dipped beam aren’t meant to shine controlled light, rather they are configured to provide a very bright beam, with most of it focused towards the center. These lights can block the ability of approaching drivers to see, hence it’s used selectively only on empty, unlit roads.

Tail Lights

The alternative names of tail lights are rear position lamps, taillamp, taillight, tail lamp, tail lamps and tail light. Thetail-lights.jpg basic purpose of these lights is to warn the traffic following a particular vehicle of the existence of the vehicle ahead during night or in the dark.

Conventionally, the lights emit a light red beam which and are electrically wired to light up whenever the front lights of an automobile are switched. A single set of multiple sets of these lights are installed, usually depending on the size of vehicle.

In addition, these lamps are connected to the braking system of an automobile, so as soon as the brakes are pushed these lights acquire a much brighter glow, thus indicating that a vehicle is stopping.

The ratios of intensity of brightness for taillights signaling either a braking or a normal mode of governed by international regulations. A standard degree of difference in intensity prevents an incorrect interpretation of brake lights for normal brightness and normal illumination for brake lights.

Sidelights

Sidelights are a set of lights which are meant to provide conspicuity of a standing-vehicle during nighttime. The sidelights.jpglights which are installed at the front for conspicuity are called as front position lamps. The alternative names for the lights are parking lamps, parking lights and of course sidelights which is the term used in North America. The color of the light emitted by the lamps is governed by local regulation but it’s usually either white light or amber light.

The other commonly used lights are the Interior Light and Light Accessories. While the Interior Lights are meant to illuminate the inside of the car to help an automobile’s occupants, Light accessories or the most part serve to decorate and adorn a vehicle.

Buying Tips

Often businesses source automobile lighting system and its components from various suppliers and which like all business transactions entails a risk. Though business risks can’t be completely done away with they can positively be reduced. The following tips should help you to source successfully while minimizing the risk.

1. Always establish the integrity of the source prior to need

2. Whenever and wherever possible, establish a list of approved suppliers.

3. It’s always a good idea to run at least a simple check on an alternative source of supply through the following:

a. Ask for a certification that the supply isn’t a diverted shipment.
b. Ask for a certification that any actions by the alternative source won’t change original manufacture warranties or guarantees.
4. Be extra cautious when products are offered at unreasonably cheap prices.

5. You might ask for a sample product, or inspect the supplies before they are shipped.

6. Consider developing a list of key automotive lighting products that would be preferably purchased via an authorized distribution channel.

7. Inspect the products for subtle changes in its packaging.

8. Watch out for variations in the size of the container vis-à-vis any products purchased previously.

Industry Overview

Beginning with the invention of the automobile, the automotive lighting systems have undergone a sea change since the days of acetylene lamps to the sophisticated LED devices of the 21st century.

Absolutely essential to an automobile a modern day automotive lighting system comprises at least 100 LEDs on an average. The penetration of LEDs into a vehicle’s interiors is indubitable but their installation to the exterior is fast catching up. For instance, about 80% of Japanese and European auto makers have chosen to incorporate LEDs in the third brake light of their products.

In the years 2005 and 2006, the market for high intensity LED products was worth US$ 5.8 billion and US$ 6.6 billion respectively. The trend of growth is set to culminate in the market value of US$ 10.6 billion by 2011, constituting a higher market share a much higher market penetration of more than 13% at present.

Some qualitative trends in the industry are the following:

  • Off late, the automotive industry has seen an open sharing of advanced technological research between manufactures at conferences and symposia.
  • The numbers of lighting regulations have shrunk and have become better harmonized.
  • Pedestrian safety is gaining ground as a consideration in designing lighting devices.
]]> Are Plastics the Key to Eco-Friendly Autos? tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.28 2008-07-07T09:19:13Z 2008-07-09T04:05:35Z Rising fuel prices and shifting consumer demand away from gas-guzzling automobiles towards tinier, fuel efficient autos have left automakers thinking on a different tangent. Also, this new line of thought seems to be considering eco-friendliness with as much emphasis as... Automotive Online Rising fuel prices and shifting consumer demand away from gas-guzzling automobiles towards tinier, fuel efficient autos have left automakers thinking on a different tangent. Also, this new line of thought seems to be consideringcarrying-plastic-bags.jpg eco-friendliness with as much emphasis as fuel economy.

Not to say that fuel-economy and eco-friendliness are exclusive of each other but that eco-friendliness is on top of the minds of the industry. This is apparent from the words of the President of Honda R&D Co., Ltd, Mr Masaaki Kato who expects a race towards “greener mobility,” with the eventual objective to dramatically reduce CO2 emissions.

Automakers are already riding the 'go green' surf with some big automobile and auto part manufacturers like the Ferrari working to roll out new hybrid models, or the Toyota planning to power the Prius with solar energy and Jaguar and Ford working together to bring out state-of-the-art Flywheel Hybrid Technology to autos.
masaaki-kato-honda.jpg
While a focus on alternative fuel sources or efficient engines has its own place in attaining the ultimate goal, some automotive manufacturers have experimented with newer, lighter materials to design automotive chassis, which head towards the same goal, albeit differently.

Ironically, one such material is a plastic! Pure, artificial, man-made plastic called the “Tegris.” A product of the Milliken and Co., it's a very light thermoplastic composite comprising 100% polypropylene.

The Plastic's Eco-friendliness

It's environment friendly qualities can be assessed on three counts, namely recyclability, being lightweight and being glass-free.

  • Recyclability: The material's composition makes it compatible with polypropylene recycle streams.recyclable.jpg

  • Light Weight: In comparison to several other composite structures viz. Glass-filled, this one leads to a high degree of weight reduction in objects moulded from it. Being light weight means that autos would consume less fuel and thus lead to less pollution.

  • Glass-Free: Compared to the safety issues (viz. skin irritation) encountered with the manufacture of glass-filled composites, this material doesn't pose the same concerns.

The Plastic's Auto-friendliness

It's auto-friendliness is derived from it's properties of impact-resistance, design flexibility and stiffness.

The plastic can achieve an impact resistance of two through fifteen times more than other thermoplastic jeep-renegade.jpgcomposites. Additionally, it's performance isn't affected even at low temperatures (-40C). Along with the stiffness it offers, it's design flexibility enables molding of the material to a high precision.

The material has already been used in the manufacture of the Jeep's Renegade Concept, showcased at the Detroit Motor Show 2008. The concept automobile housing a diesel engine makes use of the plastic for the chassis, seat frames, door panels, interior molded tub and in the instrument panel. The Jeep can achieve a fuel economy of over 110 miles per gallon.

It seems there are many ways and their combinations by which auto makers want to achieve eco-friendliness and that “Plastic,” the proverbial environmental menace is perhaps too useful to be shunned outright.

]]> Why Do Car Accessories Sell As Hot Cakes? tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.27 2008-06-30T07:47:01Z 2008-06-30T13:10:18Z An automobile isn't just a means of transport, it's also a possession, a convenience, a fashion statement and much more. Automobile accessories not only protect an automobile and make it easy to use but they do all of it in... Automotive Online An automobile isn't just a means of transport, it's also a possession, a convenience, a fashion statement and much more. Automobile accessories not only protect an automobile and make it easy to use but they do all of it in style.

car-seats.jpgUnless the world becomes a collection of hermits, people around the would continue to wear make up, purchase trendy clothes and use deodorants for their own and others' well-being! Car accessories achieve similar objectives for automobiles and ultimately for their owners, but just as good moisturizers don't compromise on their objective to protect the skin for fragrance, so do automotive accessories.

Consider, the manner in which electronic gadgets viz. for use in automobiles are gaining ground. In China for instance the automobile electronics market has grown rapidly to a sales revenue of about US$ 17.7 billion last year, which is about 40% more than 2006.


Car accessories such as automotive body polishes and paints, not only decorate a car as per the wish of the owners but also protect vehicles against weathering and aging.

automotive-polish-paint.jpg Psychologists opine that people spend money to buy happiness, which certainly doesn't strike as news. However, they add to it that those purchases which offer us an experience such as a holiday, or a fun ride produce more happiness compared to material objects, in general.

This however in doesn't exclude car accessories because they too directly or indirectly give a pleasurable experience and a one that lasts. For instance, luxury automotive seats, or audio devices viz. car MP3 players, amplifiers, etc. serve the owner for a long time and induce happiness or relaxation every time they're used.

On the other hand automotive security devices, don't give us pleasure directly, but they do provide an assurance of safety. Their importance was recently highlighted with the surge in gas thefts in many parts of the world, wherein the sales of gas caps picked up. Many other accessories such asair bags, central-locking systems provide similar comfort and luxury.
car-gps.jpg
Another feature of auto accessories is that many of them are based on electronics, viz. music and video players, computer aided safety and navigation systems. Given the fast pace of inventions and innovations registered in this branch of engineering, the tech-savvy folks prefer to remain in sync with the latest technologies and the benefits they offer.

So much for those who pay for their preferred accessories but it seems that thieves who steal them aren't much behind as well. GPS navigation systems appear to be quite popular with them these days, as a recent story in Boston Globe highlights it.

Automotive accessories continue to be hot cakes across the board, even with thieves!

]]> Automobile Safety Systems – New Trends tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.26 2008-06-23T10:13:28Z 2008-06-28T04:35:27Z Fast disappearing are the times where the onus of car safety rests wholly on the “safety quotient” of the person behind the wheel of a vehicle. Newer advances in technology and state of the art research is paving the way... Automotive Online Fast disappearing are the times where the onus of car safety rests wholly on the “safety quotient” of the person behind the wheel of a vehicle. Newer advances in technology and state of the art research is paving the way for minimizing the role of automobile drivers in conveyance.

intelligent-highway.jpg While human error still plays a big part in causing road accidents, technologies such as anti-lock braking systems, structure-borne sound airbags and innovative ideas, such as airbags on the outside, do promise a safer ride. However, the next big milestone being looked up to is where the highways, automobiles, GPS and ever sophisticated gadgetry would “conspire” to keep a vehicle's occupants safe.

Despite appearing to be dreamlike, the intelligent systems and cars will be a reality sooner than later, feel the experts.

Intelligent Highway Systems

These systems rely on the keyword “communication.” The cars will talk to each other and so would traffic signals and road signs. This is not intelligent-talking-system.jpgall, as local intersections will learn to talk to government agencies and traffic control centers and more.

Moreover, unless they begin to gossip! the cars would consequently gauge in advance whether they're dangerously close another car so that they can brake on their own. Also they would know when is an intersection safe to pass through, or even go as far as to manage the steering wheel through a turn, etc.

Not just one automobile but all of them on the road would be equipped with intelligent systems that enable them to know the position of vehicles around them, or know if the road ahead is slippery. They would even process data on traffic congestion as the whole system works in tandem. Each of the cars would act as a node in the whole network.

Experts opine that such a system harbors a potential to cut down death on road figures by margins between 60 to 90 percent. The best part however is that such a system is preventive, rather than focused on minimizing injury due to impact, like the use of safety automotive accessories viz. seat belts, airbags, etc.

Headway in safety

Though the ultimate safety system is still a far cry, the groundwork is already being laid in the form of Dedicated Short-Range Communication system (DSRC). Being a subset of the RFID-technology, the DSRC is a short to medium range wireless protocol designed for automotive use. The system enables communication between a vehicle and corresponding equipment installed along the road. Some of these systems have been installed at intersections in New York.

dsrc.jpg Similarly, warnings systems such as the E-horn and E-flare, developed by Continental Automotive alert the driver either via flashing light on the dashboard or by sounding a warning. At present these technologies only alert the driver, however efforts on the part of manufacturers are underway to eventually link the system to a vehicles braking system and the steering system.

Recently, the automotive giant GM demonstrated, how even cars can talk? The vehicle-to-vehicle (V-to-V)communication system came into play during a demonstration, when a car was set on a collision coursevehicle-to-vehicle.jpg towards another stationary car, but lo! it braked in time preventing a collision. The exciting part was that the target car stood at the blind spot (i.e. on the side than in front) of the intelligent one. This isn't all, other experiments have also shown cars being able to recognize stop signs, railway crossings and traffic lights.

According to experts, the work on autonomously running vehicles is underway and that within a span of 10 years, the technology would be ready for production and would be out for sale in some years time after that. The process of development entails gradually allowing vehicles to take over the controls.

Given the wide array of advancements taking place and with many more still in the process, automobile users should also begin to think about ways to spend time while their automobiles run safely on auto pilot!

]]> Would Clean Diesel Engines Be Popular Now? tag:www.automotive-online.com,2008:/articles//1.25 2008-06-16T12:23:29Z 2008-06-16T13:27:44Z Diesel powered automobiles have somewhat been shunned till now for being less environment friendly, but given the recent surge in gas prices worldwide, could the demand for clean and fuel efficient diesel engines rise.Over the last couple of days the... Automotive Online Diesel powered automobiles have somewhat been shunned till now for being less environment friendly, but given the recent surge in gas prices worldwide, could the demand for clean and fuel efficient diesel engines rise.

Over the last couple of days the automobile industry has seen a lot of action with the increases indiesel-engine.jpg oil prices, a decline in demand for bigger vehicles (SUVs), increased interest in the smaller vehicles such as Smart For Two and the news of a breakthrough by the Japanese company Genepax for developing a water-powered car. However, there still appears to be sometime left for the innovations and breakthroughs to hit the markets full-on.

When it comes to diesel, prices of diesel might not be the ultimate quality to attract car buyers towards automobiles driven by diesel engines. For instance, around the beginning of this month the average price per gallon of diesel oil in the U.S. was US$4.70, which was in fact higher than the cost of gas by 73 cents. Furthermore, it's also an increase of over US$1.90 from last year. All in all the diesel prices too are on the rise and why shouldn't they, when diesel too is derived from crude oil. As the price of crude oil varies, the price of diesel too should change with it.

So Where Do The Benefits Lie?

Apparently, they lie in cost savings due to more efficient and cleaner diesel engines being developed. Consider this, diesel engine manufactures are aiming to produce auto engines that are efficient enough to provide between 30% to 40% fuel economy. Thus even if consumers paid 10% more for premium diesel, given the engines' fuel economy it would still be profitable for them.

Many big companies such as Mercedes, Chrysler LLC, BMW, are now in the process of either launching or have already launched fuel efficient diesel vehicles.

One such diesel engine has been developed by Robert Bosh LLC, Germany, a company known for supplying automotive parts viz. braking system parts, automobile electrical system parts, etc. The diesel engine developed by Bosch is a common-rail fuel injection system. Launched first by the company in 1997, the engine is into its third generation now and a fourth generation is expected sometime in the future. The engine promises triple benefits. First, a 30 percent improvement in fuel economy. Second, up to 50 percent more torque than regular gasoline and a 25 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

How It Works?

The actuator in the third-generation common rail injector comprises a series of stacked piezo electric segments embedded deep within the injector body, close to the injector nozzle. The piezo electric control solenoid comes with a super fast switching time and improved precision injection quantity control. This quick response enables more precise control of injection and combustion events. Thus leading to engine applications that have low engine emissions and a much better overall performance. The second-generation system in contrast made use of a magnetic core solenoid, which didn't allow for as quick a response as the third generation one does.